Weather Reports and Tables/ Graphs

OBJECTIVE: To describe and explain the weather for Bloomington for your three day study period  INSTRUCTIONS: The weather project is designed to give you the experience of: collecting your own observations or weather conditions; describing/analyzing the collected data using weather maps and other observations available on the Internet; and integrating this variety of data sources into a concise written report which interprets the observed data in terms of synoptic and local weather.   This lab can be conducted either in groups (of two or three) or individually; however, you are strongly encouraged to work in groups of three people.  Data must be collected and interpreted for three days.  Be sure to trade email addresses and phone numbers with those in your group.  If you have problems with your group, you MUST talk to your AI early in the project.   Your group will be assigned a three-day time period by your AI during the lab meeting.  Your group will turn in one final report, which includes tables and graphs of your collected data, all collected maps and images, and a written analysis of the data (no more than 5 pages double-spaced). DATA COLLECTION:   1. Record weather data on the tables provided in your lab manual, three times a day [8am, 12noon, 5pm] .  Your Associate Instructor will show you the instruments (both outside and inside the Student Building) during your laboratory meeting.   2. Download and print out the following maps and images: ·         Surface weather map - three times a day [8am, 12noon, 5pm] ·         Infrared satellite image - three times a day [8am, 12noon, 5pm] ·         Surface observations (meteogram) for Indianapolis - once a day (each meteogram covers the last 24 hours of data) ·         Also see weather servers on main page for Unysis or NWS links      If these links are not working, you will need to find another site in the "Alternate Sources" listed below.      For the surface maps and satellite images, be sure that you print ALL of the country. Either print the image in landscape orientation or shrink the image, so that it will fit on one page.      Check that these images are for the correct time - occasionally they might be updated an hour or two late.  Surface maps and satellite images up to 12 hours old may be retrieved from the Time links at the top of each page.      Remember Universal Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC, GMT, or Z) is used on NWS weather reports.    3. You may also choose to look at or print out other images or data, such as:

          -  Upper air maps - this 500mb plot is updated twice a day; other levels may also be plotted

Radar images Visible satellite images EXPLANATION OF IMAGES AND ALTERNATE SOURCES:  See weather server list on main page Surface weather maps  Satellite Imagery  Surface observations at one location  Upper air data  Radar DATA INTERPRETATION Some points to consider in interpreting your data Your report should contain, at a minimum, two graphs: a time series of temperature and a time series of pressure.  These can be done either on two graphs (time on the x-axis, temperature or pressure on the y-axis) or on one graph (time on the x-axis, temperature on the y-axis, pressure on a secondary y-axis).  For a complete report you should include at least on other graph showing some other aspect of your data, as well.  These graphs can either be done by hand or with an Excel worksheet (sample graph).

Some of these sites are very busy. A fuller list of alternatives is provided by the IU Atmospheric Science program.

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So, Too, Either, Neither

 





So and Too
The word 'so' and 'too' are useed to combine two positive statement with identical predicates to form a compound sentences.
Formula:
so + auxiliary verb + subject
subject + auxiliaey verb + too
Example:
Nadya likes playing chess. Shandy also likes playing chess.
-Nadya likes playing  chess and so does shandy
-Nadya likes playing  chess and shandy does too

either and neither

The word 'either' and 'neither' to combine two negative statements with identicalpredicates to form a compound sentence.
Formula:
Subject +  auxiliaey verb + not + either
neither + auxiliaey verb + subject
Example:
alvian is not doing his homework now. VIta is also not doing her homework.
-Alvian is not doing his homework now and vita is not either
-Alvian is not doing his homework now and neither is vita

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Indefinite Pronouns

 

 

 

What are Indefinite Pronouns?

As the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be singular or plural, and must match the verb in number.
There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun. These pronouns are:

anybody	anyone
anything	everybody
everyone	everything
nobody	none
no one	nothing
somebody	someone
something

Example:

Anything is possible if you believe.

The second category of indefinite pronouns are those that point to a specific noun whose meaning is easily understood only because it was previously mentioned or because the words that follow the indefinite pronoun make it clear. These pronouns are:

all	another
any	both
each	either
few	many
neither	one
some	several

Examples:

Many are planning to attend the party. (In this case the identity of the group that is going to the party would have already been mentioned.)
Would you like to try some of these cookies? (The word cookies makes it clear what some is referring to.)

Not to confuse you but keep in mind the pronouns in this group can function as adjectives if nouns directly follow them.
More Examples:

Many classmates are planning to attend the party.
I checked out some books from the library.

Singular and Plural Indefinite Pronouns
As mentioned previously indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural and the verb has to match in number. Below is the list of singular indefinite pronouns.

Another	Anybody
Anyone	Anything
Each	Either
Everybody	Everyone
Everything	Neither
Nobody	No one
Nothing	One
Somebody	Something
Someone

Examples:
There are three groups of participants, and each has its own requirements.
Someone special is about to arrive.

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Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

 

Expressing satisfaction
• I’m satisfied with ….
• I’m satisfied at ….
• I’m glad with what you've done

• It’s really satisfying.
• Everything was satisfying.

Expressing dissatisfaction

• It isn’t very nice.
• It’s really not good enough.
• I’m dissatisfied by ….
• It’s dissatisfying.
• Oh no.

 

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Public Service announcements and Posters

 

 

TV PSA's

SAVE's 30 second TV PSA's, You Can Too!, is a great public awareness tool for distribution to your local stations, cable systems and community access channels. The spot is available in Beta videotape format and available to purchase. Multiple copies can be purchased at a discount rate. Call 952-946-7998 or email save@save.org for more information.


Poster

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Transitions : Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, Therefore, Consequently

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of Transition Words

While you do not want your paper or other written piece to sound like a long string of transition words, consider adding some of these suggestions from our list of transition words when appropriate in order to spice up your work and to make the sections flow more smoothly from one to another.

What follows is a list of transition words which you might want to use in your writing from time to time. Note that some of them are phrases and not singular words.

• Therefore
• However
• Moreover
• Lastly
• Next
• Also
• Furthermore
• In addition to
• Similarly
• Likewise
• Accordingly
• Hence
• Consequently
• As a result
• Thereby
• Otherwise
• Subsequently
• Thus
• So then
• Wherefore
• Generally
• Usually
• For the most part
• As a rule
• Ordinarily
• Regularly
• In particular
• For instance
• Particularly
• Especially
• Such as
• Including
• Namely
• For example
• As an example
• In this case
• Above all
• Singularly
• Likewise
• Coupled with
• Compared to
• In comparison to
• Together with
• Besides
• In brief
• In short
• In conclusion
• In the meantime
• Soon
• Later
• In the meanwhile
• Afterward
• Earlier
• In summary
• To summarize
• Finally
• Before
• After
• By the way
• Incidentally
• As a result of
• Accidentally
• Here
• There
• Over there
• Opposite
• Under
• Beyond
• In the distance
• To the left
• To the right

Purpose of Transition Words

Transition words help a written piece to flow more smoothly. Within these types of words, your writing will become choppy. However, sometimes, when a writer is advised to use a new type of device in his or her writing, that person will tend to start sprinkling it in everywhere. Transition words should really fall very naturally throughout a composition.

Let us take a look at examples of sentences without a transition words, and then add a transition word in. You will be able to see how they work with the written word. The first example in each set will be lacking a transition word, and the second example in each set will have one.

• Carla spent a long day working at the school and then cooking dinner for her family. She got a large cup of coffee. vs. Carla spent a long day working at the school and then cooking dinner for her family. Therefore, she got a large cup of coffee.
• Jeffrey will be ready to leave for the trip in twenty minutes. Fill up the car with gas please. vs. Jeffrey will be ready to leave for the trip in twenty minutes. In the meanwhile, fill up the car with gas please.
• The trip through the desert was extremely tiring for the crew. In the distance they saw civilization. vs. The trip through the desert was extremely tiring for the crew. Finally, in the distance, they saw civilization.
• Paul did not run for the ice cream truck with the other children. He doesn't like ice cream. vs. Paul did not run for the ice cream truck with the other children. Besides, he doesn't like ice cream. 

The second sentence in each of these pairs is grammatically correct. However, after you read them over a few times, you will see how adding in a transition makes the written word sound more sophisticated.

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Noun Clauses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complemen within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.

Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses and wh-clauses:

• that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.

• wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I see what I say? 

Examples and Observations:

• "When Mrs. Frederick C. Little's second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse."
  (E.B. White, Stuart Little, 1945)



• "A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students."
  (John Ciardi, Saturday Review, 1966)



• "I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon."
  (Dorothy Parker)



• "I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright."
  (Henry David Thoreau)



• "The thought of stars contributed to the power of his feeling. What moved him was a sense of those worlds around us, our knowledge however imperfect of their nature, our sense of their possessing some grain of our past and of our lives to come."
  (John Cheever, Oh What a Paradise It Seems. Random House, 1982)



• "Whoever was the person behind Stonehenge was one dickens of a motivator, I'll tell you that."
  (Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. Doubleday, 1995)



• "How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most personal map of our individuality."
  (Christina Baldwin)



• "This is the story of what a Woman's patience can endure, and of what a Man's resolution can achieve."
  (Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White, 1859)



• "That dogs, low-comedy confederates of small children and ragged bachelors, should have turned into an emblem of having made it to the middle class--like the hibachi, like golf clubs and a second car--seems at the very least incongruous."
  (Edward Hoagland, "Dogs, and the Tug of Life")



• Nominal Clauses as Direct Objects
  "All sentences, then, are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences. In the following sentences, for example, the direct object slot contains a clause rather than a noun phrase. These are examples of nominal clauses (sometimes called 'noun clauses'):
  • I know that the students studied their assignment.
  • I wonder what is making Tracy so unhappy.
  These nominal clauses are examples of dependent clauses--in contrast to independent clauses, those clauses that function as complete sentences."
  (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1998)



• Noun-Clause Starters
  "We use various words to start noun clauses. . . .
  
  "These words include the word that, which in its role as a noun clause starter is not a relative pronoun, for it serves no grammatical role in the clause; it just starts the clause. For example: The committee stated that it would follow the agent's policy. Here the noun clause serves the noun role of direct object of the transitive verb stated. But a careful look at the clause reveals that the word that does not serve any role within the clause, other than simply to get it going.
  
  "Other noun clause starters do serve grammatical roles within the clause. For example: We know who caused all the trouble. Here the noun clause starter is the relative pronoun who. Notice that inside the noun clause who serves as the grammatical subject of the verb caused.
  
  "Additional words serve as noun clause starters. A relative adverb can get one going: How he won the election mystified the pundits. So can a relative pronoun acting as an adjective: We know which career she will pursue. In these two sentences, how is an adverb modifying the verb won, and which is a relative-pronoun-adjective modifying the noun career."
  (C. Edward Good, A Grammar Book for You and I--Oops, Me!. Capital Books, 2002)

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Genre : Analytical Exposition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

General Function:

To persuade the reader or listener that something is in the case

 

General Structure:

Thesis – Argument Points – Reiteration

-    Thesis                            : Introduces the topic and indicates writer position.

-    Argument point             : The argument and elaboration.

-    Reiteration                    : Restates the writer position.

Significant Grammatical Features:

a.            Use of general nouns, abstract noun, technical verbs, relating verbs, action verbs, thinking verbs, modal verbs, and modal adverbs.

b.            Use of connectives

c.            Evaluative language

d.            Passive voices

 

 

Example:

Circuses Should Not Use Animals

Animals should not be used in circuses. The environment where they perform and their living conditions are usually inappropriate with them.

            Animals used in the circuses do not perform their natural environment. Tigers, for example, which naturally in wilderness and their preys, must perform trick on a narrow stage’s and spend their lifetime in small cage.

            Besides, the living conditions of the animals are poor. They live in such cramped conditions most of their time. They actually need plenty space to roam. They also do not have freedom to live with their own kind.

            Therefore, in the 21^st century, it seems unnecessary and even cruel to confine wild animals and train them to do tricks for the public’s amusement.

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Warning

warning means giving information of the danger or unexpected situation that my happen if a person does something. He/she wants that person will be more careful. When we see a snake on a tree, for example, we may shout our friends "Watch out" It means we inform them be careful and to pay attention to the snake.

A warning is usually in the form of imperative, but it may occur with the modal "must" and "should"

Expression of warning :

- You should/should not_______________

- You must/must not___________________

- Don't_______________________________!

- Beware!

- Beware of___________________________

- Look out!

- Watch out!

- Watch out for_______________________!

Here are other examples of expressing warning.

1. Your little sister wants to cross the busy street. Then you warn her to cross carefully by saying,"Mind the traffic!"
2. There is a long wire connected to the computer. At present you are using your computer and your little brother is playing a toy car behind the computer. You see what he is doing and warm,"Dont touch the wire!"
3. There is blackout in the neighbourhood. A father lights a lantern and puts it on the table. His son is amazed and plays with the lantern. When the father sees, he warns,"Keep away from the fire!" or "Don't play with the lantern!"
4. You are walking on the pavement with your friends in the rain. Suddenly you see a big hole on the pavement. You want your friends by pointing at the hole and saying,"Look out!"
5. In the zoo, many cages of wild animals are applied with a warning board saying,"Beware of the wild animals!"

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Giving Advice

A. Asking for advice
a. Do you think I ought to call the police?
b. What do you think I should buy him for his birthday?
c. Do you have any ideas about how I can sell my motorbike?
d. Should I try to talk with him about this matter again?
e. If you were me, what would you tell her?
f. If you were in my position, would you forgive me?
g. Do you have any advices for me?
h. Can you give me an advice?
i. Do you have any recommendations about good transportation to Manchester?
j. Can you recommend a suitable menu for dinner?


B. Giving advice
- To do something
a. I think you’d better …..
b. If I were you, I’d ….
c. It would probably be a good idea ….. .
d. Take my advice and …. .
e. I advice you to ….. .
f. How about …… ?

- Not to do something
a. I don’t think you should ….
b. I would not …, If I were you.
c. You’d better not …

C. Giving warnings
a. Be careful of ….
b. Make sure you …
c. Be careful!
d. Look out!
e. Watch out!
f. Make sure you don’t …
contoh:

Dialogue: Giving Advice

Mariona: Hi Clàudia, You look worried. What’s the matter?
Clàudia: Er.. it’s nothing.
Mariona: Is it the exam tomorrow? You shouldn’t worry. You’ll pass easily.
Clàudia: I know.
Mariona: Come on, tell me. What are you worried about?
Clàudia: OK… it’s Mark. I think he has started smoking. I was talking to him yesterday about this topic and he says me that isn’t smoking.
Mariona: That’s serious. What are you going to do?
Clàudia: I’m not sure. I should tell someone. What do you think I should do?
Mariona: If I were you, I’d speak to his older sister. She’s really friendly.
Clàudia: I’ve never met her. Can you com with me?
Mariona: Yes, of course. Let’s go and find her.

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Gerunds

 A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.
Gerund as subject:

• Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
• The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been removed.)

Gerund as direct object:

• They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.)
• They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been removed)

Gerund as subject complement:

• My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The gerund is sleeping.)
• My cat's favorite food is salmon. (The gerund has been removed.)

Gerund as object of preposition:

• The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.)
• The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been removed.)

A gerund phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund, such as:

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Granting Requests

Granting Request

In the dialogue between Ayu and Palupi you find the following expressions:

Ayu     : Will you tell me about it?

Palupi  : Sure,
I will.

Ayu      : Let’s try to make lepat sometimes.

Palupi  : OK.

Sure, I will and OK are expressions to grant a request.

Here are other expressions that you can use:

•  Alright.
• Certainly.
• Right away.
• Of course.

Complete the dialogue below with appropriate word!

1.       Ayu : Ratu, will you accompany me to Palupi’s house?

Ratu :….. But, what are you going to do there?

Ayu : I want to ask her about a thanksgiving festival in her hometown.

Ratu : Hey, look it’s very dark out side. I think it’s going to rain. Get the

umbrella, please.

Ayu : …. Oh, do you want to wear rubber sandals?

Ratu : Yes, that would be great. Could you get them for me too?

Ayu : …..

Ratu : Thanks.

2.       Randi : Yola, help me find Dad’s encyclopedia.

Yola : ….. What do you want it for?

Randi : I want to find some information on some national celebrations.

Yola : Hey look it’s on the top shelf. I don’t think we can reach it. Quickly,

get a chair.

Randi : ….

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Expressing Relief, Pain, Pleasure

Expressing Relief

· Expressing Relief: expressing a lessened pain or stress.

· Use to express relief.

· When we have problem, then we can solve it, we will feel relief. In other situation, when we worry about something that we will face, then we can face it, we will also feel relief. A relief is lessening or ending of pain and worry.

Examples

·    Thank goodnees!
·    Thank heavens!
·    What a relief!
·    I’m glad about…!
·    It’s great relief!
·    Whew!

Example:
Anne: Grey! Don’t you know that our final exam mark has been announced?
Grey: What? Are you sure that it has been announced?
Anne: Of course. What happens?
Grey: It is because I did not do the test well and I am afraid that I will get D for this subject. Our teacher has told me, if I don’t pass this exam I will be kicked from this school.
Anne: Don’t make a joke, Grey! I think no one will kick you out from this school.
Grey: How can you know?
Anne: Because you get C!
Grey: Whew! Thank God! Thanks Anne!
Anne: You’re welcome, Grey!

 . Expressing Pain

• Expressing Pain: expressing emotional or mental suffering.
• Use to express if you get hurt
• When we get sick, we must feel pain on our part of body. When we get an accident, and we get injured because of it, we must feel pain.

• Examples

·    Ouch. It hurts!
·    Ugh, it’s very painful!
·    Ouch!
·    Oh, it’s killing me!

Example:
Lorence: Hei! Watch out!
Raisha: Ouch!
Lorence: Are you OK?
Raisha: Ugh, it hurts!
Lorence: I had warned you! Why don’t you watch around before cross the road?
Raisha: I don’t bring my glasses. I am sorry.
Lorence: Ok. Let’s have medicine.

  Expressing Pleasure

· Expressing Pleasure: expressing enjoyment, happiness or satisfaction

· Use to express pleasure, showing one’s feeling of happiness.

• Examples

·    Great!
·    Terrific!
·    I’m pleased.
·    I enjoyed it.
·    I love it.
·    It was terrific.
·    I’m delighted.

Example:
Tommy: Barnney, how is your new job? Do you like it?
Barnney: No, it doesn’t seem like what I imagine before. How about yours?
Tommy: I’m delighted! My boss is very kind person. He gives me a lot of work to do but he always appreciates my work eventhough it is bad.
Barnney: What a lucky man you are! Congrats boy!

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