Genre : Analytical Exposition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

General Function:

To persuade the reader or listener that something is in the case

 

General Structure:

Thesis – Argument Points – Reiteration

-    Thesis                            : Introduces the topic and indicates writer position.

-    Argument point             : The argument and elaboration.

-    Reiteration                    : Restates the writer position.

Significant Grammatical Features:

a.            Use of general nouns, abstract noun, technical verbs, relating verbs, action verbs, thinking verbs, modal verbs, and modal adverbs.

b.            Use of connectives

c.            Evaluative language

d.            Passive voices

 

 

Example:

Circuses Should Not Use Animals

Animals should not be used in circuses. The environment where they perform and their living conditions are usually inappropriate with them.

            Animals used in the circuses do not perform their natural environment. Tigers, for example, which naturally in wilderness and their preys, must perform trick on a narrow stage’s and spend their lifetime in small cage.

            Besides, the living conditions of the animals are poor. They live in such cramped conditions most of their time. They actually need plenty space to roam. They also do not have freedom to live with their own kind.

            Therefore, in the 21^st century, it seems unnecessary and even cruel to confine wild animals and train them to do tricks for the public’s amusement.

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Warning

warning means giving information of the danger or unexpected situation that my happen if a person does something. He/she wants that person will be more careful. When we see a snake on a tree, for example, we may shout our friends "Watch out" It means we inform them be careful and to pay attention to the snake.

A warning is usually in the form of imperative, but it may occur with the modal "must" and "should"

Expression of warning :

- You should/should not_______________

- You must/must not___________________

- Don't_______________________________!

- Beware!

- Beware of___________________________

- Look out!

- Watch out!

- Watch out for_______________________!

Here are other examples of expressing warning.

1. Your little sister wants to cross the busy street. Then you warn her to cross carefully by saying,"Mind the traffic!"
2. There is a long wire connected to the computer. At present you are using your computer and your little brother is playing a toy car behind the computer. You see what he is doing and warm,"Dont touch the wire!"
3. There is blackout in the neighbourhood. A father lights a lantern and puts it on the table. His son is amazed and plays with the lantern. When the father sees, he warns,"Keep away from the fire!" or "Don't play with the lantern!"
4. You are walking on the pavement with your friends in the rain. Suddenly you see a big hole on the pavement. You want your friends by pointing at the hole and saying,"Look out!"
5. In the zoo, many cages of wild animals are applied with a warning board saying,"Beware of the wild animals!"

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Giving Advice

A. Asking for advice
a. Do you think I ought to call the police?
b. What do you think I should buy him for his birthday?
c. Do you have any ideas about how I can sell my motorbike?
d. Should I try to talk with him about this matter again?
e. If you were me, what would you tell her?
f. If you were in my position, would you forgive me?
g. Do you have any advices for me?
h. Can you give me an advice?
i. Do you have any recommendations about good transportation to Manchester?
j. Can you recommend a suitable menu for dinner?


B. Giving advice
- To do something
a. I think you’d better …..
b. If I were you, I’d ….
c. It would probably be a good idea ….. .
d. Take my advice and …. .
e. I advice you to ….. .
f. How about …… ?

- Not to do something
a. I don’t think you should ….
b. I would not …, If I were you.
c. You’d better not …

C. Giving warnings
a. Be careful of ….
b. Make sure you …
c. Be careful!
d. Look out!
e. Watch out!
f. Make sure you don’t …
contoh:

Dialogue: Giving Advice

Mariona: Hi Clàudia, You look worried. What’s the matter?
Clàudia: Er.. it’s nothing.
Mariona: Is it the exam tomorrow? You shouldn’t worry. You’ll pass easily.
Clàudia: I know.
Mariona: Come on, tell me. What are you worried about?
Clàudia: OK… it’s Mark. I think he has started smoking. I was talking to him yesterday about this topic and he says me that isn’t smoking.
Mariona: That’s serious. What are you going to do?
Clàudia: I’m not sure. I should tell someone. What do you think I should do?
Mariona: If I were you, I’d speak to his older sister. She’s really friendly.
Clàudia: I’ve never met her. Can you com with me?
Mariona: Yes, of course. Let’s go and find her.

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Gerunds

 A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.
Gerund as subject:

• Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
• The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been removed.)

Gerund as direct object:

• They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.)
• They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been removed)

Gerund as subject complement:

• My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The gerund is sleeping.)
• My cat's favorite food is salmon. (The gerund has been removed.)

Gerund as object of preposition:

• The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.)
• The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been removed.)

A gerund phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund, such as:

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Granting Requests

Granting Request

In the dialogue between Ayu and Palupi you find the following expressions:

Ayu     : Will you tell me about it?

Palupi  : Sure,
I will.

Ayu      : Let’s try to make lepat sometimes.

Palupi  : OK.

Sure, I will and OK are expressions to grant a request.

Here are other expressions that you can use:

•  Alright.
• Certainly.
• Right away.
• Of course.

Complete the dialogue below with appropriate word!

1.       Ayu : Ratu, will you accompany me to Palupi’s house?

Ratu :….. But, what are you going to do there?

Ayu : I want to ask her about a thanksgiving festival in her hometown.

Ratu : Hey, look it’s very dark out side. I think it’s going to rain. Get the

umbrella, please.

Ayu : …. Oh, do you want to wear rubber sandals?

Ratu : Yes, that would be great. Could you get them for me too?

Ayu : …..

Ratu : Thanks.

2.       Randi : Yola, help me find Dad’s encyclopedia.

Yola : ….. What do you want it for?

Randi : I want to find some information on some national celebrations.

Yola : Hey look it’s on the top shelf. I don’t think we can reach it. Quickly,

get a chair.

Randi : ….

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Expressing Relief, Pain, Pleasure

Expressing Relief

· Expressing Relief: expressing a lessened pain or stress.

· Use to express relief.

· When we have problem, then we can solve it, we will feel relief. In other situation, when we worry about something that we will face, then we can face it, we will also feel relief. A relief is lessening or ending of pain and worry.

Examples

·    Thank goodnees!
·    Thank heavens!
·    What a relief!
·    I’m glad about…!
·    It’s great relief!
·    Whew!

Example:
Anne: Grey! Don’t you know that our final exam mark has been announced?
Grey: What? Are you sure that it has been announced?
Anne: Of course. What happens?
Grey: It is because I did not do the test well and I am afraid that I will get D for this subject. Our teacher has told me, if I don’t pass this exam I will be kicked from this school.
Anne: Don’t make a joke, Grey! I think no one will kick you out from this school.
Grey: How can you know?
Anne: Because you get C!
Grey: Whew! Thank God! Thanks Anne!
Anne: You’re welcome, Grey!

 . Expressing Pain

• Expressing Pain: expressing emotional or mental suffering.
• Use to express if you get hurt
• When we get sick, we must feel pain on our part of body. When we get an accident, and we get injured because of it, we must feel pain.

• Examples

·    Ouch. It hurts!
·    Ugh, it’s very painful!
·    Ouch!
·    Oh, it’s killing me!

Example:
Lorence: Hei! Watch out!
Raisha: Ouch!
Lorence: Are you OK?
Raisha: Ugh, it hurts!
Lorence: I had warned you! Why don’t you watch around before cross the road?
Raisha: I don’t bring my glasses. I am sorry.
Lorence: Ok. Let’s have medicine.

  Expressing Pleasure

· Expressing Pleasure: expressing enjoyment, happiness or satisfaction

· Use to express pleasure, showing one’s feeling of happiness.

• Examples

·    Great!
·    Terrific!
·    I’m pleased.
·    I enjoyed it.
·    I love it.
·    It was terrific.
·    I’m delighted.

Example:
Tommy: Barnney, how is your new job? Do you like it?
Barnney: No, it doesn’t seem like what I imagine before. How about yours?
Tommy: I’m delighted! My boss is very kind person. He gives me a lot of work to do but he always appreciates my work eventhough it is bad.
Barnney: What a lucky man you are! Congrats boy!

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Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun.  It is possible to combine the following two sentences to form one sentence containing an adjective clause:              

    The children are going to visit the museum.
    They are on the bus.

The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
                  | adjective clause |

In the sentence above, there are two other ways to write the sentence correctly using the second sentence as the adjective clause. 

The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
The children       on the bus       are going to visit the museum.

Some other sentences can be combined into a sentence using adjective clauses in a variety of ways, and they are all correct.  Note the variety of ways in which the following two sentences can be combined.

The church is old.
My grandparents were married there.

The church where my grandparents were married is old.
The church in which my grandparents were married is old.
The church which my grandparents were married in is old.
The church that my grandparents were married in is old.
The church my grandparents were married in is old

In the sentences above, the adjective clauses are underlined.  All answers are correct.  Note the use of the word "in" and how and where it is used.

An adjective clause with a subject pronoun - such as which, that or who - can also be shortened into a phrase.

You can shorten an adjective clause in two ways:

1. Omit the subject pronoun and verb.
2. Omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to the form ending in "ing."

Here are some examples of how to create an adjective phrase:

• Adjective Clause: The books, which are lost, are not really necessary.
• Adjective Phrase: The books lost are not really necessary.

• Adjective Clause: The girl who is running is my best friend.
• Adjective Phrase: The girl running is my best friend.

• Adjective Clause: His share of the money, which consists of $100,000, was given to him on Monday.
• Adjective Phrase: His share of the money, consisting of $100,000, was given to him on Monday.

• Adjective Clause: Something that smells bad may be rotten.
• Adjective Phrase: Something smelling bad may be rotten.

Remember, the goal of an adjective clause is to add more information to a noun or a pronoun. You can add the information by including a few more words or by changing the adjective clause to a phrase.

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